Literacy in America Essay Example for Free

Literacy in America EssayAmerica, the most technologically advanced and affluent of all nations on the earth, seems to rush an increasingly larger illiteracy rate every year. This has become and continues to be a critical problem throughout our society as we know it. match to the National Adult Literacy survey, 42 million adult Americans cant read 50 million are limited to a 4th or fifth grade reading level one in every four teenagers drops out of high school, and of the students who graduate, one in every four has around an eighth grade education. Why? You ask.This problem will never fix itself and will take quite a bit of time to overcome. We need to make trustworthy that everyone is aware of the social problems, poverty and lack of family interaction that occurs everyday in m both, if not all, communities throughout America. Nearly a billion bulk, two-thirds of them women, will enter this adult male un able to read a book or write their names, warns UNICEF in a new repor t, The State of the Worlds Children 1999. UNICEF, the fall in Nations Childrens Fund, points out that the illiterate live in much desperate poverty and poorer health than those who can read and write.(Boaz). The most important factor that contributes to the outrageous statistics of illiteracy is that of poverty. Poverty is an issue that more and more of our nations children are coming face to face with and the price they must pay is unbelievably high. Poverty is considered a major at-risk factor (Leroy 2001). The term at-risk refers to children who are seeming to fail whether it 2 be at school or life in general because of their lifes social circumstances.Some of the factors that may place these children at-risk are parlous neighborhoods young, uneducated parents unemployment and inadequate educational experiences. Teachers need to be aware of the circumstances that their students face and be able and ready to help these children find a sense of equilibrium between the cultur al values that they may have and values emphasized in school. By providing emotional support, modeling, and other forms of scaffolding, teachers can help students use their strengths, skills, and friendship to develop and learn ( Marlowe and Page,9).The United States prides itself on being a free, democratic state. Jonathan Kozols essay The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society states that the United States is not the democracy it claims to be. For democracy to work at its best, a true representation of the common interests and how the majority feels nigh those interests must be in place. According to Kozol, about 60 million people in the United States are illiterate. For the United States to be the self-functioning democratic state it proclaims to be, it has to be a literate society.The people of the United States are not part of a democracy without the full capacity to make informed choices, and furthermore cannot reap the benefits that a democratic society has to disco biscuit if the best interests of the majority are not represented. depend quote 2 (Madison)with signal phrase. Hypo-thetical example James Madison wrote that a people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power knowledge gives. A popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both (Surowiecki, page 4).Voting is by far the most important aspect of a democratic society, and the percentage of people who do vote is a topic of much discussion here in the United States. If the number of people not voting is such a significant concern then the reasons they are not voting is 3 as well. An uneducated vote is not any better than a vote not cast at all. Imagine going to a voting booth and voting for a person or a ballot measure based on the ads you see on the TV only. In this circumstance, decisions are often made based on the disallow ideas offered by both major politicalparties. If 60 milli on people in the United States cannot read, then they cannot cast a vote truly interpretive program of their opinions. As Kozol claims, the United States has in fact become a government of those two thirds whose wealth, skin color, or parental privilege allows them opportunity to profit from the exhortation and instruction of the written word (Kozol). The percentage of the population that is illiterate cannot choose which candidates make it onto the ballots, they cannot sign petitions, and they cannot choose which measures will pass or those that will fail.Direct quote 3 (Kozal), with signal phrase e. Of equal importance to a democratic society are the benefits that literacy provides to the public. When one is illiterate they are not able to reap the benefits of a free society. The freedom to choose enhances ones chances of experiencing the best of anything. illiteracy makes for a life of settling. An illiterate person has to settle for another(prenominal)s interpretations of the world. According to the article Democracy 101, the ability to read opens a world that many people do not consider.The choice of where to live, what to eat, and where to work may all seem commonplace to the average literate person. Kozol uses the warning on a can of Drano in the opening of this essay to educate. It may take a moment for it to sink in but the reader will soon realize how much power reading and writing holds. Life, liberty and the pursuit of mirth are supposed to be guaranteed to all citizens of this country. Those that cannot read or write do not have the capability to choose who are the best people suited for ensuring those rights.Perhaps more importantly the 60 million illiterate people in this country cannot make the choices necessary to make use of those rights (Kozol). References Boaz, David. Illiteracy The Bad News and the Good. Cato Institute. 20 Jan. 1999. Kim, J. K. NRRF Illiteracy An Incurable Disease or Education Malpractice? Kozol, Jonathan, Illitera cy The Enduring Problem. . Leroy. The Effects of Poverty on Teaching and Learning. 2001 Surowiecki, James. The Dangers of financial Illiteracy in America. The New Yorker.

Cultural Dimensions Essay Example for Free

Cultural Dimensions Essay1)Give the definition and objectives of your cultural dimensions (what does the dimension poster? what do you want to measure? For instance ability to work in groups, individual empowerment (for the individual/collective dimension).Diffuse and Specific orientated cultures The most presumable difference is the ability to separate private from professional life. In diffusedd cultures, the private and professional lives are closely linked whereas particular proposition cultures keep them separate.Additionally, specific cultures promote directness, precision, and transparency. Also, people from specific orientated cultures are able to remove themselves from a situation in regards to principles and values. This means that specific orientated cultures encourage objectivity.This is in contrast with the diffuse orientated culture that is more indirect and highly subjective. Furthermore, it can be said that this culture is more informal and social-orientated .2)Illustrate the dimension referring non only to the professional life. Describe situations in which the dimension may impact behaviors. For instance when somebody cries in the classroom, (for the neutral/ affective dimension).For example, if a manager is invited to dinner party by employees, in a specific-orientated culture, the manager might decline the invitation as he or she wouldnt feel it is appropriate whereas in a diffuse orientated culture this might be seen as an opportunity to bring informality to the relationship. So in a company based in Germany, this invitation would be seen as inappropriate because Germany has a more specific culture whereas in Finland this wouldnt necessarily be frowned upon as it is more diffuse orientated.3)In order to measure your dimension among persons of different nationality, prepare a series or questions (MCQ or Yes/No type are easier to analyze).

Animal Lane Cattery Information Technology System Essay Example for Free

Animal Lane Cattery Information Technology System EssayThe Animal Lane Cattery, a privately owned small business, needs an efficient, updateable, expandable, easily accessible information system to track and document invitees needs for boarding/grooming services. The objective is to objective and develop a system that fulfils the needs of the Cattery. An effective electronic filing system will eliminate lost paperwork, minimize errors, and provide a rule for quality customer service. I will be designing and making the system that we choose for the Cattery.As the Cattery has expanded its boarding and grooming services to deem a total of 15 cats in separate pens, an increase in customer complaints go through been received concerning the Catterys inaccurate and time-consuming tracking of specific client information. This inefficiency means that clients rescue to give an update of their felines information to the Catterys supply and has resulted in service errors. At the momen t, they use a flatbed entropybase, which only allows you to work with unmatched table open at any time. The Cattery has considered using a pen and paper system, writing things out manually and storing information on paper, but a more efficient system would be a relational database. Their ideal system is a relational database, and this will allow them to have macros, reports, queries, and searches based on the information needed. This, thitherfore, is the system that I will be developing for the Catterys usage.ObjectivesThe user needs to be able to-view the information-search for specific information-print out utility for clientsAlternativesThere atomic number 18 many relational database packages I could have chosen to work with, but I have decided to use the database package Microsoft gate because I have great respect for Bill Gates and also, Microsoft Access is an older program, therefore any bugs in the system will hopefully have been fixed and the package improve.I could h ave used Microsoft Works, but there can non be any more than one table open at a time, and it is necessary that I have multiple tables.UsersThe users of this database will be the Catterys mental faculty- full and part-time employees responsible for the care and grooming of the cats. The Office Staff will be able to view and edit the data, whereas the Grooming Staff will only view the information they need.ANALYSISThe software I decided to use here is Microsoft Access to create and view the database. The hardware needed is a keyboard to enter data, a mouse, a printer to print out the receipts, and the computer monitor. All data will be output using the printer.I will need to ensure that there is enough memory for a relational database to function. This should not be a problem, as Microsoft Access (which I have chosen to use) does not require that much memory musculus quadriceps femoris, and there will be plenty of space available on their office computer, which, other than the nece ssary software components, will be used solely for the database used for the storing of data and the running of the Cattery.Backup copies of data will be shopd on tape. The tape needs to be clearly labeled and stored in a water-tight case inside a fire-proof storage box seat a government agency from the initial source of data, in case of fire or flood that may damage the computer that contains the original data. Using floppy disks as a form of backup was considered, but the database is relatively large and updated on a daily basis, so the floppy disks will not have a capacity large enough to adequately store the data.Data collectionThe data will be collected from the clients using a form that they will fill in giving the information needed by the Cattery.The fields required will be on the data capture form inclined to clients. These will be in the form of questions, such as the ones below-What is the cats name and proprietors contact information?-What is the cats vets contact num ber (in case of emergency)?-What is the cats meal order of business?-What are the boarding drop-off and pick-up dates?-What are the cats grooming requirements?There will doubtless be other questions that the staff will need to know the answers to.To update the data, I will need to remove certain clients information and replace it with new data when the first cats are collected. The printed data will be the reports when a search is started, and a second report to give as a receipt to customers when they collect their pet.DESIGNTwo tables will be developed owner information and services. The link between the two tables is the owner code. Each owner has only one address, but multiple cats may reside at the equivalent address. Each cat has personal service needs even if it shares the same owner as another. The client names and cat names will not be used as key fields because there might be multiple clients with the same names or cat names. Office staff at the Cattery may view and modi fy the data in both tables, and the grooming staff may view data.Following are the hand-drawn designs of the database. First are the initial rough designs to show the basic layout of the database. I will then give a data capture form (next page) to one of the users (an office staff person) asking what things they think of could be done better and how the design of the database could be improved to make using it easier. The users comments will then be taken into story when making the final designs of the database, detailed so that anybody could create the same database that I will be making for the Cattery.Final Users Comments(after having reviewed the initial designs)How effective do you think the designs will be?What do you think could be improved, from what you have seen of the initial designs?What is lacking from the database (if anything)?Other commentsIMPLEMENTATIONOn the following pages are the print screens of the way the Catterys database was created (tables, forms, querie s, reports, macro code etc).EVALUATIONThe original objectives outlined in my Identification stage were met. The Cattery now has a useful and fast system to find and store their clients information, to view and search for specific information, and to print out things like receipts for clients.After having reviewed the owners comments and compared to the things I have changed, I feel I have improved the database enough for him to be comfortable with using it. I took in to account the things he mentioned about needing designs for reports and queries, and lessening vagueness of some designs.I feel I have achieved my objective in making the Cattery an effective, easy system to hold all their information.

Assessing and Managing Supply Chain Risks

Assessing and Managing egress Chain Risks1. IntroductionThe current trend of outsourcing to low cost countries combine with supplier base reduction has provided signifi give the axet cost reductions for disdaines. However, globalization and implementation of more than streamlined sum up twines get down increased gambleinesss for companies when acquiring goods and services needed for their operations. By the term guess of infection is meant a prognosis of facing undesired consequences often whiles(prenominal) as footing, loss, or injury. to a greater extent scientifically, assay is defined as the combined probability for an undesired event and the potential damage the event might event. This definition, or variations of this definition, has been applied by a issue forth of researcher investigating risk (March and Shapira, 1987 Zsidisin, 2003 Spekman and Davis, 2004 Wagner and Bode, 2006 Ritchie and Brindley, 2007). The detrimental effects does non have to be existen tial to the companies, but typically they cause lost sales, decreased market sh atomic number 18 and large contractual penalties for the parties affected (Zsidisin, 2003).A very well-know example of such(prenominal) a detrimental effect is the $400 mill loss suffered by the Swedish cell phone manufacturer Ericsson collect to a lightning bolt which enamored their sub-supplier of semi-conductors (Latour, 2001). another(prenominal) example is the battle against the foot-and-mouth disease in the UK agricultural intentness during the year 2001. This event temporarily paralyzed the agricultural industry, while the tourism industry suffered great losses. Even luxury car manufacturers such as Volvo and Jaguar were affected since deliveries of quality leather used in various parts in the car compartment were temporarily stopped (Norrman and Jansson, 2004). A general ban on sale and export of British pigs, sheep and cattle was introduced during the outbreak. The tourism industry alike su ffered as m each tourists changed their vacation plans due to transport bans and detergent washing of cars, boots and clothing in affected regions.Similarly, the fruit companionship Dole lost over $ degree centigrade million dollars when a hurricane caused massive damage to the atomic number 18a in Central America where their banana suppliers were located (Griffy-Brown, 2003). The outbreak of SARS in Southeast Asia affected various industries such as the electronics industry, retailing, tourism, and the airline industry with losses at the national arrive stipulated to $38 billion just for Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand (Overby et al., 2004). The economic impact of the hurricane Katrina is stipulated to $100-125 billion. More than half of that amount is due to the flooding of New Orleans which paralyzed industry and disrupted normal living conditions in the affected areas (Boettke et al., 2007). However, the most known of such disruptive events is probably the 9/11 terrorist attack in 2001, which caused im intercede financial losses and initiated a massive restructuring of the airline industry (Bhadra and Texter, 2004).The preceding(prenominal) mentioned examples illustrate that come out filaments may not be well prepared for dealing with unanticipated events causing disruption in sub-systems of translate mountain range engagements. The traditional cost-efficiency focus of supply scope systems have led companies to eliminate buffers in the form of inventories and quadruplex sourcing throughout the network. However, this has also led them to remove mechanisms in the supply compass which previously moderated the effects of undesired, disruptive events in the kitchen range. An alternative approach is to introduce more agility in the supply chain. This approach has fortunately been applied as a response to the fact that more and more market places in the twenty-first century require a pro feelingration of products and services, shorter product life cycles and increased demand for innovation (Narasimhan, Swink and Kim, 2006). In agile supply chains, stock out penalties bechance immediately in the form of lost sales and the advert surgical process measure is no longer productivity or cost, but customer satisfaction. Traditional st open partnerships are substituted with more fluid clusters where partners enter and take out the network at a more rapid pace. In general, there is also a focus on operator self- way to maximize the actors autonomy (Mason-Jones, Naylor and Towill, 1999).The actors higher(prenominal) take aim of autonomy in agile supply chains makes them better able to respond to changes in supplies upstream as they have no or few bindings keeping them from changing to alternative sources of supply. However, supply chain companies dealing with commodity goods rather than fashion goods can not necessarily be pass judgment to have the same degree of freedom. Their day-to-day competition would require them to eliminate all forms of waste to re chief(prenominal) competitive. Any cost driving measure to mediate or avoid risk such as excess production capacity, excess inventory, and increased supplier base would therefore have to be weighed against the expect costs of future unknown disruptive events. To do this, a proactive identification of potential supply and demand hazards is required at a strategical level. The point is to identify where unanticipated risk events have the biggest impact on the supply chain network, identify the attribute and bit of risks, their associated costs, and assess alternative counter-measures to mend the resilience of the supply chain.The intent of this conceptual paper is to establish a decision framework in order to aid the proactive identification and anxiety of potential upstream and downstream supply and demand hazards. The framework is positive based on a broad variety of literature integrating multiple perspectives on risk from supply cha in prudence, marketing, and organizations theory. The risk framework presented separates itself from previous efforts in its comprehensiveness, and it has been designed to match the supply chain management framework developed by the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF). Previous categorization guarantees have usually only presented sub-sets of risk factors and have not paid much attention to how supply chain risks can be dealt with proactively.For instance, Zsidisin (2003) listed a routine of useful supply risk characteristics and classified them into characteristics belonging to items, markets and suppliers based on the results of a case study. Item characteristics included impact on profitability and the newness of product application, while market characteristics conglomerate global sourcing, capacity constraints, market price fluctuation, and number of qualified suppliers. Risks associated with suppliers were capacity constraints, inability to reduce costs, incompatible in defi ning systems, quality troubles, cycle times, and volume and mix requirements changes. However, Zsidisins list of supply risk characteristics did not strike important risk elements such as behavioral appearance of supply chain actors and risks associated with skills and qualities of the individual supply chain organizations, nor did it pay much attention to mitigation of risk events. In addition, the network perspective of supply chain management was not evident in the sense that an event can appear some(prenominal) tiers away from the central organization but still damage the organization via an unknown dependence.Spekman and Davis (2004) also discussed a typology for categorizing risks. They found that risk lies inherent in every(prenominal) supply chain flow of goods, teaching, and money and they mentioned many of the same risk characteristics as in Zsidisin (2003). In addition, criminal acts and breach of norms were included as risk elements in the supply chain. However, they did not focus much on actions to minimize or avoid the effects of undesired events. Dealing with risk was eventually lessen to the doorway of buffers or building trust. An exception is do for the management of security risks where they briefly mention the necessity of proactive planning to avoid such risks.Another example is Peck (2005) who reported from an empirical study where the sources and drivers of supply chain vulnerability were investigated. She used the knowledge achieved to develop a multi-level framework for risk compend and did not put much emphasis on identifying individual risk characteristics and tactics to improve the supply chains resilience. However, the framework illustrated in an intuitive room how unanticipated and undesirable events at other nodes in a network could influence and cause problems at different levels for a focal company via dependencies. Kleindorfer and Saad (2005) also attempted to provide a conceptual framework to assess risk and intr oduced three tasks as the foundation of risk management. These were Specifying sources of risk and vulnerabilities, Assessment, and Mitigation. The sources of risk and vulnerability were thenceforth divided into operational contingencies, natural hazards, and terrorism and political instability. Kleindorfer and Saad (2005) did not elaborate in much detail on which risks to include in each of these categories, and then from a practical risk sagaciousness point of view, the model becomes less interesting.In a similar vein, Ritchie and Brindley (2007) developed a framework to encapsulate the main(prenominal) strands of supply chain risk management. They distinguished between seven sources of risk, but were not specific slightly which risks to expect in each course and they were not very detailed in their description of risk avoidance or mediation tactics. In stead, they used their general model as a conk in an exploratory case study where the purpose was to focus on supply chain members degree of awareness of supply chain risks, and how supply chain members identified and responded to identified risks.Ring and Van De Ven (1992) developed a framework for structuring cooperative relationships between organizations based on varying degree of risk and creed on trust. They based their paper on the assumption that the degree of risk inherent in any transaction depends in the direct proportion to decreases in time, information, and control. Examples provided were commercial risk (risk of not recalling a price-performance niche in the market), technological risk (probability of bringing the technology to market), scientific risk (lack of knowledge), engineering doubt (will the technology work?), and corporate risk. By corporate risk they referred to the risk of wrong allocation of resources in the organization. However, these types of risk are strongly connected with inborn managerial and organizational skills of the focal company, and thus cover only a small portion of the risk concept from a supply chain management perspective. Risks arising from process sharing and network inflicted risks were barely mentioned.In summary, a higher level of precision in supply chain risk assessment frameworks combined with normative guidelines for risk avoidance seems present in extant literature. This call has formally been put forth by Harland, Brenchley and Walker (2003) who provided an easy-to-follow occasion for risk assessment in supply chain networks. They concluded that more managerial guidance is required to support risk management and redesigning of supply strategies to incorporate risk strategies . An attempt to answer this call has been made in the following sections. Mapping of risks in the supply chain has been emphasized combined with a discussion of tactics for risk mitigation and risk avoidance. In essence, this covers steps two to four in the model by Harland, Brenchley and Walker (2003) (Figure 1). Guidance for mapping of the suppl y chain is the main goal for many of the supply chain management frameworks recently developed. Mapping of the supply chain has therefore only received limited attention in this paper, but references to some well-known supply chain frameworks are provided. Steps flipper and six have been left for the managers to decide as the strategy formation and implementation would be situation specific and dependent on the outcome of steps one to four.2. Research methodThe framework is developed based on a literature review where multiple perspectives on risk from marketing theory, organizations theory, and supply chain management have been integrated into a composite supply chain risk framework. Relevant contributions were identified through library searches and key word searches in Proquest and ScienceDirect databases. Search words were used either alone or in combination to find contributions which could bring added insight about risk from different theoretical perspectives. Key word search es typically included words such as supply chain management, marketing, or organization theory, and words such as risk, framework, uncertainty, vulnerability, resilience, etc. A large number of research contributions were identified from this procedure and contributions were further selected based on a qualitative assessment of the title and abstract of each identified contribution.A guideline for the literature review was to find an answer to the question what do we know from theory which could be pertinent for supply chain managers in their efforts to identify and reduce the level of risk in their supply chains? The emphasis on theory was decided since an exploratory empirical investigation would be descriptive of current practices which would not fit with the normative purpose of this investigation. Ex post empirical testing of the entire framework in a single study were also considered trying to accomplish due to the amount of risk factors included. However, a varying degree o f empirical validity is offered through the previous empirical testing performed by the researchers referenced. Some empirical guidance and initial face validity was also provided through discussions with the general director of a sub-supplier to the Norwegian oil and gas industry.3. Supply chain management and riskThe term supply chain management (SCM) has primarily been linked to the study of either internal supply chains integrating internal business functions, the management of two companionship relationships with tier one suppliers, the management of a chain of businesses or with the management of a network of interconnected businesses (Harland, 1996). Transaction cost compend (TCA), organization theory (OT) and relational marketing (RM) literature have contributed substantially to the development of SCM research (Croom, Romano and Giannakis, 2000). However, a definition of SCM given by the members of the Global Supply Chain Forum states that Supply chain management is the in tegration of key business processes from end user through original suppliers that provides products, services, and information that add appraise for customers and other stakeholders. This distinguishes SCM from the previous mentioned theories since it is the network or chain perspective which is emphasized (Lambert, Cooper and Pagh, 1998).3.1. Mapping the supply chainIn order to be able to assess risk in a focal companys supply chain, a thorough insight is required about how the supply chain is configured. A number of frameworks have been developed for the purpose of achieving such knowledge, but Lambert, Garca-Dastugue and Croxton (2005) identified only five frameworks which recognized the need to implement business processes among supply chain actors. such implementation is considered a key area where supply chain management can offer improvement to supply chain actors (Hammer, 2001). However, only two of the five frameworks provided sufficient details to be implemented in pract ice (Lambert, Garca-Dastugue and Croxton, 2005). On the other hand, these two frameworks are both supported by major corporations which bode a high level of face validity.The first framework is the SCOR model developed by the Supply-Chain Council (SCC, 2008). The SCOR model focuses on five different processes which should eventually be connected across firms in the supply chain. These are the plan, source, make, deliver, and return processes. The second framework was developed by the Global Supply Chain Forum in 1996 and was presented in the literature in 1997 and 1998 (Cooper, Lambert and Pagh, 1997 Lambert, Cooper and Pagh, 1998). Similar to the SCOR model, the GSCF model focuses on a set of distinct business processes to be divided among business organizations. However, a main difference between the two supply chain frameworks is their linkage to corporate strategy. While the SCOR framework emphasizes operations strategy, little reference is made to organizations corporate stra tegies. The GSCF framework, on the other hand, directly links with the corporate and functional strategies of the companies and thus offers a wider scope (Lambert, Garca-Dastugue and Croxton, 2005). Since risk is inherent at every level of an organization, and should be considered also at the strategic level, the GSCF framework was chosen as a starting point for our development of a supply chain risk management framework.3.2. Identify risk and its locationIn the GSCF framework, supply chain management consists of three inter-related elements 1) the structure of the supply chain network, 2) the management components governing the shared supply chain processes, and 3) the different types of processes linked among supply chain actors. Who to link with, which processes to link, and what level of integration and management should be applied are considered key decisions for successful management of supply chains (Lambert, Cooper and Pagh, 1998).From a supply chain risk management perspect ive, these managerial questions make way for three propositions regarding risk and the focal company. The first proposition concerns the unpredictability of kind nature when processes are shared with others. The second concerns the vulnerabilities created because of dependencies between multiple network actors, and the third refers to the skills and qualities of the different supply chain actors organization and management. Stated formallyP1 A focal companys motion-picture show to supply chain risk depends on the level of human behavior unpredictability in the supply chain and the impact such unpredictability can have on the companys supply chain.P2 A focal companys exposure to risk depends on the number and strength of dependencies in its supply chain and the impact an external risk event may have on the company.P3 A focal companys exposure to risk depends on the supply chain actors skills and qualities to identify potential risks in advance and to solve risk situations once they occur.Although they address different aspects of risk to a focal company, the propositions are closely related. For instance, without the existence of network dependencies, behavioral unpredictability at another supply chain actor becomes irrelevant. Similarly, the focal company does not have to worry about the skills and qualities of other supply chain actors because there is always another alternative to select. Also, an increase in the supply chain actors skills and qualities will indirectly reduce the level of human unpredictability since it rules out some of the mistakes humans can make however, it does not rule out the focal companys uncertainty about other supply chain actors intended strategic actions. The relationship between the propositions has been outlined as arrows in Figure 2. Each category between the arrows refers to a more precise definition of the risks mentioned in the propositions. The categories follow the naming convention in the GSCF framework, and together, they constitute a holistic representation of supply chain risks relevant for successful supply chain management.The formal definitions for the three types of supply chain risk in Figure 2 are provided below and explained in the later(prenominal) sectionsSupply chain processes risk refers to the perceived risk of other companies in the supply chain behaving intentionally or unintentionally in a style which could be harmful to the company.Supply chain structure risk is closely linked with the total number and type of dependencies in the network. It is a measure for the level of significant detrimental effects an undesired and unanticipated event can have on a companys supply chain network. This event can occur externally or internally to a local market or industry and affect either a single node or a multitude of nodes simultaneously.Supply chain components risk refers to the technical, managerial and organizational abilities each supply chain actor has developed in order to embr ace opportunities, receive and avoid potential supply chain disruptions, and to mediate the effects of a disruption once it has occurred.3.3. Supply chain processes riskA focal companys exposure to supply chain risk will, according to proposition one, depend on the level of human behavior unpredictability and the impact such unpredictability can have on the companys supply chain. When companies begin to explore the competitive advantage of accessing and managing processes belonging to other companies in the chain, they therefore need to identify how the sharing of a process can change its vulnerability to unanticipated events and agree on strategic actions to reduce the processes vulnerability. The main factors to consider when processes are shared with other actors are shown in Figure 3 and explained below.In general, the sharing of processes across tiers in a network can be problematic since it simultaneously makes the focal company more endangered to risk. Under working market conditions, each actor is free to choose its trading partner for every transaction. A natural moderate effect on risk therefore exists since there is no habituation on other specific actors in the network. However, when companies begin to integrate processes, as inflict by supply chain management literature, they distance themselves from the market by creating lock-in effects with selected partners due to the specificity of tangible and intangible assets deployed.From a transaction cost theory point-of-view (Williamson, 1975, 1985), specific investments in shared processes must be protected against the risk of possible opportunistic behavior from the other actor in each partnership. opportunistic behavior refers to actors self-interest seeking with guile (Williamson, 1975) where guile means lying, stealing, cheating, and calculated efforts to mislead, distort, disguise, obfuscate, or otherwise confuse (Williamson, 1985). In practice, this type of supplier behavior would chance i n hazards like broken promises, production delays, increased costs, production shortcuts, and masking of inadequate or poor quality (Provan and Skinner, 1989 Wathne and Heide, 2000). Any uncertainty of whether the suppliers behave, or would attempt to behave, opportunistically therefore increases the impression of risk to the actor performing the risk assessment1. However, transaction cost theory has been criticized for its assumption of opportunistic decision makers.Critics argue that it is a similarly simplistic and pessimistic assumption about human behavior, and that opportunism represents the exception rather than the rule (Macneil, 1980 Granovetter, 1985 Chisholm, 1989). John (1984) also argued that undesired attitude such as hard bargaining, intense and frequent disagreements, and similar conflictual behaviors do not constitute opportunism unless an agreement has been reached of not to do so. In addition, even well-meant behavioral actions by one party may have negative effe cts for another party in the supply chain. The perception of risk linked with human behavior where processes are shared can therefore not be restricted to a matter of opportunism alone, but needs to include any kind of undesired human behavior whether it is opportunistic, undesirable or well-intended, but still potentially harmful.It has been suggested that behavioral uncertainty can be reduced with the introduction of formal and informal safeguards to the relationship. In a successful relationship, relational rules of conduct work to enhance the well-being of the relationship as a whole and take explicit account for the historical and social context within which an exchange takes place (Heide and John, 1992). Flexibility among the parties, solidarity, information exchange, and long-term orientation are norms typically associated with, and referred to, as relational safeguarding mechanisms in contemporary research (Ivens, 2002). The presence of these norms in a relationship has bee n found to improve the efficiency of relationships and to reduce parties behavioral uncertainty (Heide and John, 1992).Alternatively, ownership, or some form of contractual command-obedience authority structure can be used to protect against inherent behavioral uncertainty. Vertical integration has traditionally been confident(p) by transaction cost literature as an answer to handle uncertainty in repeated transactions when there are specific investments involved (Williamson, 1975, 1985). However, Stinchcombe (1985) found that the safeguarding features of hierarchical relationships can be built into contracts as well. These features included authority systems, incentive systems, standard operating procedures, dispute resolution procedures, and non-market internal pricing. It should be noted that advanced pricing mechanisms used can include agreed risk sharing and paying an insurance premium to a third party to protect against the financial consequences of a business interruption (L i and Kouvelis, 1999 Doherty and Schlesinger, 2002). However, a prerequisite for risk transfer mitigation to work is the ability to clearly define the type, cause and boundaries for when the agreed risk transfer applies. Also, well defined standard operating procedures are particularly important since they indirectly describe the non-conformance cases. Breaches in quality performance or EHS procedures, shipment inaccuracies, delivery times, etc. by the focal company or another party are indications of reduced control over the supply chain. Hence, an increased frequency of such incidents in other nodes in the network will lead to an impression of greater behavioral uncertainty and supply chain risk.The impression of risk when processes are shared would naturally depend on the degree of lock-in which exists between two parties. A second risk factor in supply chain processes risk therefore refers to the criticality of specific nodes in the network (Craighead et al., 2007). More precise ly, critical nodes are actors in the supply chain answerable for delivery of critical components or important subsystems where the number of supplier choices is limited. However, a node can be critical even though there may be little dependence in day-to-day operations. The increased popularity of outsourcing to third parties necessarily increases other actors involvement in the companys material and information flow. But, since both information and materials represent a form of capital investment, this also means that other actors in some cases handle large parts of a companys tied-up capital either in the form of information or in the form of goods. This risk is called degree of capital seizure in the framework.For instance, it is generally not very difficult to switch from one supplier of IT-server capacity to another, but the dependence on the supplier of server capacity can prove severe if sloppy routines at the supplier destroy the electronic database stored. A similar logic applies for other actors with control over much of the companys information and material flow. Large distribution centers are one example. A typical risk event would be a fire causing damage to much of the companys goods stored however, such an event would not be attributable to the processes shared and is therefore not a supply chain process risk. Instead, such a risk event has been characterized as external to the network and described under supply chain structure risk. However, another example would be the distribution centre not informing the focal company of a changed general staff leave. This would be a breach in the supplier relationship management process because it is a deviation from expected service levels in that particular period.3.4. Supply chain structure riskThe decision of who to link with in a network requires an explicit knowledge and understanding of the supply chain network configuration. According to proposition two, this includes a thorough comprehension of t he risk inflicted upon the company because of dependencies established in relationship with other network actors. Therefore, the supply chain manager needs to assess how vulnerable the company is to unanticipated changes in the network and its exogenous environment.Dependencies are created with individual partners in the network and the level of dependency must therefore be assessed for each node. However, attributes of the network configuration itself may increase or reduce the impression of risk. A field risk category and a network complexity risk category have been created to reflect this duality. Field risk includes risk factors which are exogenous to the network, and not endogenously created as in supply chain process risk. Field risk is assessed for each node, but supply chain structure risk must also take the complexity of the network into consideration. For instance, geographically dense nodes within a network may represent a great risk to a company even though each actor i tself may not be very important. This is similar to the Dole example mentioned in the introduction where a hurricane destroyed the banana harvest-time in the area where Dole had most of its suppliers (Griffy-Brown, 2003).Network complexity risk refers to decision makers perceiving large networks as more uncertain since the involvement of more actors and more people implicitly includes more things which can go wrong (Craighead et al., 2007). This perception naturally becomes even stronger when the number and strength of identified critical nodes under supply chain processes risk is high. However, if a focal company is engaged in several sub-networks of supply and demand, this would moderate the perception of risk similar to the basic desire of diversification in modern portfolio theory. The reason is that the company can rest on several independent business pillars and prosper with the remaining pillars while the problem in the failing supply chain is sorted out.Field risk factors such as currency fluctuations, political or legal changes, environmental, and social risks are external to the supply chain network, and refer to the country or region where suppliers, or clusters of suppliers, are located (Jtner, Peck and Christopher, 2002). Climate changes, in particular in combination with population growth, should receive attention since such changes may alter and threaten the living conditions in large regions of the world with serious effects on both the supply side and demand side to companies (Gilland, 2002 Yea, 2004 Leroy, 2006).An undesirable side-effect of global trade is that supply chains have become significantly more vulnerable to both organized and unorganized crime. Although cargo thefts have not yet caused major supply chain disruptions, the extent of such crime is steadily change magnitude and should receive attention from a proactive risk management perspective particularly if shipment of critical components is part of the day-to-day operations (Caton, 2006 Barnett, 2007).Another type of crime is abduction of key personnel for ransom money. Kidnappings are mentally challenging to the abducted and the organizations they work for, and can strain organizational resources for a substantial amount of time after a kidnapping incident. In addition, if a decision to pay ransom money is made, the amount required could be financially problematic to smaller companies. This type of crime has generally been associated with Latin America however, experts have anticipated that such kidnappings will spread to other parts of the world (O Hare, 1994). Although no scientific follow-up study has been identified

Real Time Video Processing and Object Detection on Android

documentary Time Video touch and inclination undercover work on mechanical manReal Time Video bear on and aim Detection on android SmartphoneAbstract As Smartphone is getting more potent, can do more superior stuffs that previous required a computer. For employing the richly touch power of Smartphone is mobile computer vision, the ability for a device to capture process analyze understanding of calculates. For mobile computer vision, Smartphone must be straightaway and true(a) while. In this study two applications have been developed on android platform using OpenCV and core library called as CamTest with own implemented algorithms. Efficiency of two Android applications have been compared and found that OpenCV performs faster than CamTest. The results of examining the lift out aspiration signal detection algorithm with reverence to efficiency shows that profuse algorithm has the finest blend of speed and object detection performance. Next projected object light scheme using desist algorithm, which uses SVM, BPNN for training and validation of object in real conviction. The application detects the object perfectly with recognition time around 2 ms using SVM and 1 ms using BPNN.KeywordsAndroid Video Processing object detection SVM debauched corner detector BPNNI. INTRODUCTIONAs Smartphone is the perfect combination of personal digital assistant, media player, camera and several(prenominal) opposite stuffs. It has entirely changed the past about mobile phone. In the early daylights of Smartphone application development only mobile company was able to develop. by and by the introduction of Android OS in 2007, Smartphone application development is richly in demand. Android was developed by Google with Linux core kernel and GNU package stuffs. 16.The introduction of Smartphone with camera Real Time motion picture processing becomes very trendy now and having most critical computation tasks. Nearly all Smartphone applications uses a cam era to use mobile computer vision technology 2. Mobile computer vision technologies playing vital role in developing our day to day activities applications 1.This technology having many objectives like object finding, segmenting, location recognition 2.As Smartphone processors such as MediaTek, ARM, NVIDIA Tegra, and Snapdragon are achieving more computation capability covering a fast growth of mobile computer vision applications, like image editing, augmented reality, object recognition. Long processing time due to the high computational difficulty averts mobile computer vision algorithms from being practically used in mobile phone applications. To overcome this problem, researchers and developers have explored the libraries such as OpenGL and OpenCV 2. Application developers will face lot problems as he does not having basic idea to process real time word picture. OpenCV library is the solution which is written in C, C++ language, reduces the complexity for development and rese arch 17 2.Real-Time recognition and detection of objects is complex and favorite area for research in the todays fast growing mobile computer vision technology. Applications like machine vision, visual surveillance robot navigation are the best examples 4.Object detection and recognition inhabit of three steps basically, first is the feature extraction, second classification and third is the recognition of object using machine learning and several other technologies 3.Due to the growth of Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT)10, the object detection method using interconnected filter changed to key point matching establish object detection method 8 10.SIFT is more focusing on invariant key point matching. On the similar concept new algorithms were innate(p) such as the Speeded-Up Feature Transform (SuRF)11,Center Surrounded Extrema (CenSurE)22, Good Features to Track (GFTT)26, Maximally-Stable Extremal Region Extractor (MSER)24, and Oriented Binary plenteous Independent Elemen tary Features (ORB)21, and Features from speed Segment Test (FAST)12 4 6 8.In this paper, real time video processing efficiency was find using OpenCV 17 and CamTest with support of core library. Next analyze best object detection algorithm with respect to efficiency in support with OpenCV library. Projected real time object recognition system using FAST algorithm 12, SVM 15 and BPNN 25. All the stuffs have been conducted on LG Optimus Vu Smartphone with Android 4.0.4 OS.II. ANDROID ARCHITECTUREThe Android operating system is like other Smartphone OS, with stacked structure 216. Android operating system stack consist on several layers such Kernel Layer,System Libraries,Dalvik Virtual Machine layer (i.e Android Runtime layer),Application spewwork layer and on top Applications layer 216.The Kernel gives basic funtionalities like network management memory management, process management, device management. Libraries are used for different oprations like net income security 216.Android Runtime consist of Dalvik Virtual Machine which is optimized for Android and provides core libraries.The Application Framework layer gives operate to the installed applications in the form of Java Class Library. 216.Application developers takes the services of this layer for application development 216.Application layer is the top layer in the stack where your application will get install 216.III. OPENCV IN ANDROIDThe OpenCV library was officially developed and instald by Intel in 1999 to enforce CPU and GPU exhaustive application 17. The earlier version of OpenCV was written in C27. From the edition 2.0 OpenCV provided both C and C++ interfaces27. In the next edition of 2.2 they had introduces Android port with some sample applications of image processing. Currently it has several optimized methods with the version OpenCV 2.4.927 17.IV. real time video processing methodsTo find and compare the efficiency of OpenCV and CamTest, each processing method of mobile computer vision was applied and average value was calculated 2. The stimulant drug format of video frame should be in standard form such as RGB space227.The input video frame to RGB conversion is done by following relation 28R = 1.164(Y 16) + 1.596(V 128)G = 1.164(Y 16) 0.813(V 128) 0.391(U 128)B = 1.164(Y 16) + 2.018(U 128) (1)Each picture element of video frame is threshold with a constant lean T. If it is greater than T, pixel will be set 1, otherwise 0. g(x,y) = 1, if f(x,y) T = 0, otherwise (2)Where f(x, y) is the original frame and g(x, y) is the threshold frame. The descriptions of processing methods are shown in shelve I.TABLE I. put together PRCESSING METHODS AND ITSDESCRIPTIONV. METHODOLOGYFirst designed application layout using JAVA and XML. Then, the processing methods and object detection algorithms are written using JAVA and OpenCV. The tools used for blueprint and programming are Android SDK 16, OpenCV 17 and JAVA SDK.Application file is then installed to the LG Optimus V u. If there are no errors, then started to measure the result regarding frame processing rate. afterward all the data had been collected, and the result is analyzed and compared with the theory. The Application flow is shown in Fig.1.0 and Fig.1.1A) System Flow of Real Time Video Processing and Object Detection AlgorithmsNoYesNextRealTimeVideoFramezFig. 1.0 Real time video processing flowB) System Flow of Real Time Object Detection AlgorithmsNo Yes Next Real Time VideoFrameFig. 1.1 Real time object detection algorithms flow.VI. EXPERIMENT RESULTSA) execution of instrument of Real Time Video Processing MethodsFor the calculation of processing efficiency of OpenCV and CamTest is calculated by following formula. (7)The unit of FPR is frames processed per second i.e. fps. If the value of Frame Processing Rate(FPR) is high for the particular processing metohd then theat method is more efficient. Higher the value of FPR represents the method is more efficient. Table II. Shows real time video processing methods and frames processed per second by CamTest, OpenCV test.TABLE II. REAL TIME VIDEO PROCESSING METHODS AND FPS OF CAMTEST AND OPENCV TESTFrame Processing proportionality is as follows,FPR Ratio = (OpenCV FPR CamTest FPR)/OpenCV FPR (8)As from Table II, FPR shows significant differences between OpenCV and CamTest.If there is Positive FPR ratio value e.g N, then OpenCV is 1/N times better than CamTest.If there is cast out FPR ratio value e.g M,then CamTest is 1/M times better than OpenCV.As shown in Table III, Frame Processing Rate Ratio(average) is 0.64,leads to a conclusion that OpenCV (1/0.64 times) 1.56 times faster and better than CamTest.TABLE III. REAL TIME VIDEO PROCESSING METHODS AND FPR RATIOFig. 2.0 Frame processing rate using CamTest and OpenCV test for eight image processing methods.B) Performance of Real Time Object Detection AlgorithmsTABLE IV. REAL TIME OBJECT DETECTION ALGORITHMSAND THEIR FPSFig. 2.1 Frame Processing Rate for object detection algorithm.As shown in Table IV and Fig. 2.1, FAST algorithm is having the highest fps value and 10 times faster as compare to SIFT and SURF.The minimus fps for real time object recognition should be at least 15 fps and FAST achieves the near same thing. So that FAST is having optimum performance in real time scenario while executing real time object detection operation.VII. APPLICATIONAs from experimental results shown above in Table IV, we concluded that FAST algorithm 12 is almost several times faster than other algorithms. To recognize the object in real time video FAST algorithm almost achieves 15 fps. As FAST algorithm extracts the corner features accurately and it requires less time for it. So proposed a Real Time Object course credit system using FAST algorithm is as follows.A) System Flow of Real Time Object recognitionAs shown in Fig. 3.0 Input object image is captured by Smartphone camera and it is saved to internal storage. FAST corner detector 12 algorithm is applied on the captured image to extract the features. The extracted features should have the same number and location as the viewpoint and corner changes. So the extracted features should be adjusted to the same number and it called as normalization. After the features are adjusted to the same number, weightiness is calculated for SVM 15 and BPNN 25 for training the features. After that feature database will get created. After the preparation of database object will get recognized in real time video via SVM 15 and BPNN 25. As system recognizes the object it shows the feature count and recognition time on the display of Smartphone.No Input Database YesFig. 3.0 Real Time Object Recognition FlowA) ResultsThe Real time object recognition system shown above in Fig. 3.0 was developed for LG Optimus Vu and Android platform 4.0.4. The development environment consist of Microsoft Windows 7 with Intel Core i3,2GB RAM,Android SDK,NDK and JAVA SDK.The object used for training was Hand Watch and trai ning time was 102 ms using SVM and 1115 ms using BPNN.The Table V presents the recognition time for object (Hand Watch) using FAST corner detector, SVM and BPNN.TABLE V. RECOGNITION TIME FOR HAND WATCH OBJECTVIII. CONCLUSIONAs per the above experimentation and results, Most of the real time video processing methods executed using OpenCV having high performance with respect to efficiency than the CamTest. OpenCV gives more watchfulness towards the efficinecy than the CamTest.As per the result obtained from the real time object detction application, FAST algorithm achieves high efficiency, almost 15 fps compared to other algorithms.For the futurescope, like to enhance the FAST algorithm in terms of accuracy.The proposed real time object recognition system gives faster and accurate recognition of object(Hand Watch) on the Smartphone using SVM and BPNN. In future would like to introduce multi object recognition, location tracking on Smartphone platforms,also like to introduce the conce pt like GPU and parallel computing with OpenCL.REFERENCES1 Nasser Kehtarnavaz and Mark Gamadia, Real-Time Image and Video Processing From Research to Reality, Synthesis Lectures On Image, Video and Multimedia Processing Lecture 5, 2006.2 Khairul Muzzammil bin Saipullah and Ammar Anuar, Real-Time Video Processing Using Native scheduling on Android Platform, 8th IEEE International Colloquium on Signal Processing and its Applications, 2012.3 Kanghun Jeong and Hyeonjoon Moon, Object Detection using FAST Corner Detector based on Smartphone Platforms, First ACIS/JNU International Conference on Computers, Networks, Systems, and Industrial applied science, 2011.4 Paul Viola, Michael Jones, Robust Real-time Object Detection, Second International Workshop on Statistical and Computational Theories of survey, July2001.5 L. Zhang and D. Yan, An Improved Morphological Gradient coast Detection Algorithm, IEEE International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology (ISCIT), Vol. 2, pp. 1280-1283, 2005.6 O. Folorunso, O. R. Vincent and B. M. Dansu, Image bunt detection, A knowledge management technique for visual scene analysis, Information Management and Computer Security, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 23-32, 2004.7 D. G. Kamdar and C. H. Vithalani, Simulation and Performance Evaluation of Edge Detection Techniques in Differential Time Lapse Video, IEEE International conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), 20128 David G. Lowe, Object Recognition from Local Scale-Invariant Features, the Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1150-1157, 1999.9 Clemens Arth, Christian Leistner, Robust Local Features and their Application in Self Calibration and Object Recognition on Embedded Systems, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2007. IEEE Conference, June 2007.10 D. G. Lowe, Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Key points, International journal of Computer Vision, 60(2), pp. 91-110, 2004.11 H. Bay, T. Tuytelaars, L. V. Gool, SURF Speeded Up Robust Features, Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, 2006.12 E. Rosten and T. Drummond, Machine learning for high-speed corner detection, European Conference on Computer Vision, Vol. 1, pp. 430-443, 2006.13 E. Rosten and T. Drummond, Fusing points and lines for high performance tracking, Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV05), Vol. 2, pp.1508-1515, 2005.14 Y. Hirose, K. Yamashita and S. Hijiya, Back-Propagation Algorithm Which Varies the Number of Hidden Units, Neural Networks, Vol. 4, pp.61-66, 1991.15 E. J. A. K. Suykens and J. Vandewalle, Least Squares Support sender Machine Classifiers, Neural Processing Letters (ICCV05), Vol. 9, pp. 293- 300, 1999.16K. Owen, an Executive Summary of Research in Android Integrated Development Environments, April 2011.17OpenCV, Open source Computer Vision library. In http//opencv.willowgarage.com/wiki/, 2009.18 Edward Roston and Tom Drummond, Machin e Learning for high-speed corner detection, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, UK.19 Y. Khairul Muzzammil bin Saipullah and Ammar Anuar, Coparision of Feature Extractors for Real-time Object Detection on Android Smartphone, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 47, 2013.20 Y. Khairul Muzzammil bin Saipullah and Ammar Anuar, Analysis of Real-time Object Detection Methods for Android Smartphone, 3rd International Conference on Engineering and ICT (ICEI2012), 2012.21 Ethan Rublee Vincent,Gary Bradski, ORB an efficient alternative to SIFT or SURF22 Agrawal M,K. Konolige,CenSurE Center Surround Extremas for Realtime Feature Detection and Matching, Computer Vision ECCV, springer spaniel Berlin/Heidelberg,vol.5305,pp.102-115,200823 Calonder M,V.Lepetit, BRIEFBinary Robust Independent Elemetary Features, Computer Vision ECCV, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg,vol.6314,pp.778-792,201024 Donoser M,Bischof H, Efficeint Maximally Stable External Region(MSER) Tracking, IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.533-560,June 200625 Y Hirose,K. Yamashita, Back-Propagation Algorithm which varies the Number of Hidden Units, Neural Networks,vol 4, pp.61-66,199126 Shi J,Tomasi C, Good Features To Track In Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 1994,pages 593-600,199427 Amar Anuar,Khairul Muzzamil Saipullah, OpenCV Based Real-Time Video processing Using Native Android Smartphone, International Journal of Computer Technology and Electronics Engineering(IJCTEE),Vol 1,Issue 328 Khairul Muzzamil Saipullah ,Amar Anuar, Measuring Power inhalation For Image Processing On Android Smartphone , American Journal of Applied Sciences,pages 2052-2057,2012

The memory worksheet

The memory worksheetUsing the text, Cognition The Thinking Animal, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, answer the following questions. Your response to distributively question should be at least 150 words in length.What is primary memory? What are the characteristics of primary memory?Primary memory is operative memory, which is processes work from images within the memory. Primary memory is the decision-making and awareness part of short-run memory concerned with the temporary incorporation, processing, removal, and recovery of learning. Primary memory retrieves training from short-run memory, the environment to possibly be kept later in secondary memory.The characteristics of primary memory tasks involve the active handling or monitoring of behaviors or information. Additionally, primary memory is essentially different from secondary memory. The characteristics include forgetting (how this occurs), memory representation, storage of information (how m uch), processing of acoustic information (phonological loop), processing of visual information and how decisions are made. Primary memory theories exist both regarding the theoretical structure of working memory and the role of specific parts of the hit involved in working memory. Furthermore, research identifies that the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, anterior cingulate, and parts of the basal ganglia are crucial for working memory function. Working memory is generally considered to keep back limited capacity.What is the process of memory from perception to retrieval? What happens when the process is compromised?The process of memory from perception to retrieval is the sorting of all information by the brain into short-term or long-term memory. Additionally, the brain will discard the information if the information is not needed. Our short-term memory allows an individual to hold on to information that is needed during a precise moment and then the brain discards it. Short-term memory stores small amounts of information. Some information can be moved from short-term memory to long-term memory by encoding. Then the brain consolidates the information by linking the new memory to any current memory. There are tercet ways of measuring memory retrieval that differ from one another. They are the disengage method, the recollection memory, the recognition method, and relearning method.When the process is compromised it causes a person to only recall certain portions of the information that is trying to be retrieved, but not the exact information needed. This is known as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.Is it possible for memory retrieval to be unreliable? why or why not? What factors may concern the reliability of ones memory?Yes it is possible for memory retrieval to be unreliable because of inaccurate recall collectible to the environment, prior memories of the individual or biased questions. For example, eyewitness testimony given by an individual that wit nessed a crime first hand. The questions that are asked by a police officer or lawyer in reference to the crime, these questions can contain cues that might influence the individuals memory retrieval. Another factor that can affect the reliability of a memory is bias. Some factors that affect the reliability of an individuals memory are being tired, stress, emotions, or under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the time of the incident

Charles Mingus Essay -- Biographies Biography Mingus Essays

Charles MingusCharles Mingus was born on 22 April 1922 in Los Angeles, California. His fatherjoined the army in 1915 after a frustrating career in the post office. His mother diedonly five months after Mingus was born.The times were hard in Los Angeles, as more and more unretentive people migrated intothe city, and the sm all in all suburb of Watts turned into a black ghetto inside of a singledecade. But young Mingus was pretty much protected from all the social pressure.His family was basically middle-class. His father has remarried, and Mingus stepmother had briefly taken an active role in his education. Mamie Carson Mingusencouraged her step-children to take an interest in practice of medicine. This has soon taken shapein the form of violin and piano lessons for Mingus older sisters.Apart from the sound of his sisters practicing, the only music allowed in the housewas religious music picked up through the radio. But the radio also opened Mingusfor African-American music, namely Jazz and Blues. The trips to the local churchwere also musical as advantageously as spiritual. The yelling and shouting in the church wereactually not so different from the sounds of a big band. Mingus had also taken to thepiano, just by lifting the lid and trying the keys, and it had become clear to his parentsthat he had a good ear. At age six Mingus was given a trombone. After a fewer years offrustrating musical experiences, it was suggested that Mingus pick up the cello. Ashis interest in Jazz grew, especially after listening to Duke on the radio, he became convinced(p) that the bass was his instrument.Mingus first bassist role model was Joe Comfort, who played with Lionel Hamptonand Nat King Cole. Comfort lived in the same neighborhood, and was playing gigswith the musicians that Mingus grew up with. However, true inspiration came frommeeting bolshie Callender, who came from the East Coast and played with the likes ofLouis Armstrong. 16-year old Mingus became a devout follo wer and good friend. Thesound that would later identify Mingus, full moon yet sharp, comes from directly fromCallenders influence. Another major influence on all young bassists of that period isthe work of Jimmy Blanton with the Duke Ellington orchestra, which had broken newground in terms of the movie of the bass as a solo instrument and its unique rolein Ellingtons compositions.Arou... ...es Two, with George Adams on tenor and avant-gardepianist Don Pullen. The full power of Mingus music with its frequent tempo changesand structural irregularity was finally completely realized. Especially the two centerpieces in both albums, Sues Changes and Orange Was the Color of Her Dress,Then Silk Blue, show this clearly. Although the bass part is less pronounced then inearlier years, owing to Mingus deteriorating health, the other players more than take a shitup for this, and render his music in a way which is true to his aesthetics.Mingus died on 5 January 1979 from Amyotrophic Lateral S clerosis. In the last twoyears of his bread and butter he has lost the ability to play and later the use of his whole body.Mingus last works as a composer are songs he composed for Joni Mitchell by singinginto a tape recorder. He was honored by many tributes after his death from his fellowmusicians. Of special notice is the Epitaph project, led by Gunther Schuller which, bandage in my humble opinion is not very successful, tries to recapture the special spiritin Mingus music. Today the music of Mingus is still being played by the Mingus BigBand, formed by his widow Sue Graham Mingus.